Global mean sea level: indicator of climate change?

نویسندگان

  • R Etkins
  • E Epstein
چکیده

1. L. A. Sherman and R. M. Brown, in Comprehensive Virology, H. Frankel-Conrat and R. R. Wagner, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1978), vol. 12, p. 145. 2. P. A. Lemke, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 30, 105 (1976); J. A. Dodds, Experientia 35,.440 (1979). 3. A. Skotnicki, A. J. Gibbs, N. G. Wrigley, Virology 75, 457 (1976); J. A. Dodds and A. Cole, ibid. 100, 156 (1980); A. Cole, J. A. Dodds, R. I. Hamilton, ibid., p. 166; L. H. Stanker, L. R. Hoffmnan, R. MacLeod, ibid. 114, 357 (1981). 4. R. H. Meints, J. L. Van Etten, D. Kuczmarski, K. Lee, B. Ang, ibid. 113, 698 (1981); J. L. Van Etten, R. H. Meints, D. E. Burbank, D. Kuczmarski, D. A. Cuppels, L. C. Lane, ibid., p. 704. 5. J. L. Van Etten et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 79, 3867 (1982). 6. S. J. Karakashian and M. W. Karakashian, Evolution 19, 368 (1965); D. S. Weis, J. Protozool. 25, 366 (1978). 7. E. Jolley and D. C. Smith, New Phytol. 81, 637 (1978). 8. The algae were grown on Bold's basal medium [IH. W. Nicols and M. C. Bold, J. Phycol. 1, 34 (1965)] modified by the addition of 0.5 percent sucrose and 0.1 percent proteose peptone (MBBM). Fifty-milliliter cultures were inoculated with algae (I x 106 per milliliter) and grown at 25°C on a rotary shaker (150 rev/min) in continuous light (30 p.E/m2 per second). 9. The Chlorella cultures were grown to a density of 5 x 106 cells per milliliter and inoculated with virus sterilized with a 0.4-p.m Nuclepore filter at a multiplicity of infection of 5 to 10. 10. A. Gibbs, A. H. Skotnicki, J. E. Gardiner, E. S. Walker, M. Hollings, Virology 64, 571 (1975); L. Oliveira and T. Bisalputra, Ann. Bot. 42, 439 (1978); J. A. Mayer and F. J. R. Taylor, Nature (London) 281, 299 (1979); B. V. Gromov and K. A. Mamkaeva, Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 60, 252 (1981). 11. We thank D. Chapman, T. Hohman, D. Weis, and L. Muscatine for providing Chlorella cultures and M. Blrakke and L. Lane for helpful comments. This research was supported in part by the Research Council of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and by NIH biomedical research support grant RR-07055. This report is published with the approval of the director as paper 6962, journal series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Analysis of climate data using statistical methods on west of the Caspian Sea

Abstract Long-term observational data are essential for detecting and understanding local, regional and global climate change. The goal of this paper is to consider climate data of west of the Caspian Sea for any trends in Annual means of 2m temperature and precipitation at the stations of Anzali, Rasht, Astara and Lahijan for 1956-2018 period. Some inconsistencies in the data were found. Our ...

متن کامل

Simulation of rice production under climate change scenarios in the Southern coasts of Caspian Sea

Climate change has direct and indirect consequences on crop production and food security. Agriculture and cropproduction is one of the factors which depend on the weather conditions and it provides the human requirements inmany aspects. The objective of this study is to assess the impacts of future climatic change on irrigated rice yieldusing the CERES-Rice model in the Southern Coast of Caspia...

متن کامل

The land-ice contribution to 21st-century dynamic sea level rise

Climate change has the potential to influence global mean sea level through a number of processes including (but not limited to) thermal expansion of the oceans and enhanced land ice melt. In addition to their contribution to global mean sea level change, these two processes (among others) lead to local departures from the global mean sea level change, through a number of mechanisms including t...

متن کامل

Future extreme sea level seesaws in the tropical Pacific.

Global mean sea levels are projected to gradually rise in response to greenhouse warming. However, on shorter time scales, modes of natural climate variability in the Pacific, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), can affect regional sea level variability and extremes, with considerable impacts on coastal ecosystems and island nations. How these shorter-term sea level fluctuations wi...

متن کامل

Sea-level rise caused by climate change and its implications for society

Sea-level rise is a major effect of climate change. It has drawn international attention, because higher sea levels in the future would cause serious impacts in various parts of the world. There are questions associated with sea-level rise which science needs to answer. To what extent did climate change contribute to sea-level rise in the past? How much will global mean sea level increase in th...

متن کامل

A scaling approach to project regional sea level rise and its uncertainties

Climate change causes global mean sea level to rise due to thermal expansion of seawater and loss of land ice from mountain glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets. Locally, sea level can strongly deviate from the global mean rise due to changes in wind and ocean currents. In addition, gravitational adjustments redistribute seawater away from shrinking ice masses. However, the land ice contribution t...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:
  • Science

دوره 219 4587  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 1983